to its former state

पूर्व a. (Declined like a pronoun when it implies relative position in time or space, but optionally so in nom. pl.; and abl. and loc. sing.)

1 Being in front of, first, foremost.

-2 Eastern, easterly, to the east of; ग्रामात् पर्वतः पूर्वः Sk.; पूर्वापरौ तोयनिधी वगाह्य Ku.1.1.

-3 Previous to, earlier than; ब्राह्मणे साहसः पूर्वः Ms.8.276.

-4 Old, ancient; पूर्वसूरिभिः R.1.4; इदं कविभ्यः पूर्वेभ्यो नमोवाकं प्रशास्महे U.1.1.

-5 Former, previous, anterior, prior, antecedent (opp. उत्तर); in this sense often at the end of comp. and translated by 'formerly.' or 'before'; श्रुतपूर्व &c.; व्यतीता या निशा पूर्वा पौराणां हर्षवर्धिनी Rām.7.37.1.

-6 Aforesaid, before-mentioned.

-7 Initial.

-8 Established, customary, of long standing

-9 Early, prime, पूर्वे वयसि Pt.1.165 'in early age or prime of life.

-1 Elder (ज्येष्ठ); रामः पूर्वो हि नो भ्राता भविष्यति महीपतिः Rām.2.79.8.

-11 (At the end of comp.) Preceded by, accompanied by, attended with; संबन्धमा भाषणपूर्वमाहुः R.2.58; पुण्यः शब्दो मुनिरिति मुहुः केवलं राजपूर्वः Ś2.17; तान् स्मितपूर्वमाह Ku.7.47; बहुमानपूर्वया 5.31; दशपूर्वरथं यमाख्यया दशकण्ठारिगुरुं विदुर्बुधाः R.8.29; so मतिपूर्वम् Ms.11.147 'intentionally', 'knowingly'; 12.89; अबोधपूर्वम् 'unconsciously', Ś.5.2. &c.

-र्वः An ancestor, a forefather; पूर्वैः किलायं परिवर्धितो नः R.13.3; पयः पूर्वैः सनिश्वासैः कवोष्णमुपभुज्यते 1.67;5.14; अनुकारिणि पूर्वेषां युक्तरूपमिदं त्वयि Ś.2.17.

-र्वम् The fore- part; अनवरतधनुर्ज्यास्फालनक्रूरपूर्वम् (गात्रम्) Ś.2.4.

-र्वा 1 The east

-2 N. of a country to the east of Madhya- deśa.

-र्वम् ind.

1 Before (with abl.); मासात् पूर्वम्.

-2 Formerly, previously, at first, antecedently, before- hand; तं पूर्वमभिवादयेत् Ms.2.117;3.94;8.25;; R. 12.35; प्रणिपातपूर्वम् K; भूतपूर्वखरालयम् U.2.17 'which formerly was the abode', &c.; समयपूर्वम् Ś.5. 'after a formal agreement.'

-3 Immemorially. (पूर्वेण 'in front', 'before', 'to the east of', with gen. or acc.; अद्य पूर्वम् 'till-now', 'hitherto';

पूर्वः -ततः -पश्चात् -उपरि 'first- then, first-afterwards', 'previously, subsequently',

पूर्वम् -अधुना or

-अद्य 'formerly-now.'

-Comp. -अग्निः the sacred fire kept in the house (आवसथ्य).

-अङ्गः the first day in the civil month.

-अचलः, -अद्रिः the eastern mountain behind which the sun and moon are supposed to rise.

-अधिकारिन् m. the first occu- pant, a prior owner.

-अन्तः the end of a preceding word.

- अपर a.

1 eastern and western; कतमो$यं पूर्वापर- समुद्रावगाढः सानुमानालोक्यते Ś.7; पूर्वापरौ तोयनिधी वगाह्य Ku. 1.1.

-2 first and last.

-3 prior and subsequent, pre- ceding and following.

-4 connected with another.

(-रम्) 1 what is before and behind.

-2 connection; न च पूर्वापरं विद्यात् Ms.8.56.

-3 the proof and the thing to be proved. ˚विरोधः inconsistency, incongruity.

-अभि- मुख a. turned towards or facing the east.

-अभ्यासः former practice or experience.

-अम्बुधिः the eastern ocean.

-अर्जित a. attained by former works. (

-तम्) ancestral property.

-अर्धः, -र्धम् 1 the first half; दिनस्य पूर्वार्धपरार्धभिन्ना छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम् Bh.2.6; समाप्तं पूर्वार्धम् &c.

-2 the upper part (of the body); शकुन्तला पूर्वार्धेन शयनादुत्थाय Ś.3; R.16.6.

-3 the first half of a hemistich.

-अवसायिन् a. what occurs first or earlier; पूर्वावसायिनश्च बलीयांसो जघन्यावसायिभ्यः ŚB. on MS.12.2.34.

-अह्णः the earlier part of the day, forenoon; Ms.4. 96,152. श्वः कार्यमद्य कुर्वीत पूर्वाह्णे चापराह्णिकम् (पूर्वाह्णतन, पूर्वा- ह्णिकः, पूर्वाह्णेतन a. relating to the forenoon).

-आवेदकः a plaintiff.

-आषाढा N. of the 2th lunar mansion con- sisting of two stars.

- इतर a. western.

-उक्त, -उदित a. beforementioned, aforesaid,

-उत्तर a. north-eastern. (

-रा) the north-east. (

-रे dual) the preceding and following, antecedent and subsequent.

-कर्मन् n.

1 a former act or work.

-2 the first thing to be done, a prior work.

-3 actions done in a former life.

-4 preparations, preliminary arrangements.

-कल्पः former times.

-कायः 1 the fore-part of the body of animals; पश्चार्धेन प्रविष्टः शरपतनभयाद् भूयसा पूर्वकायम् Ś.1.7.

-2 the upper part of the body of men; स्पृशन् करेणानतपूर्वकायम् R.5.32; पर्यङ्कबन्धस्थिरपूर्वकायम् Ku.3.45.

-काल a. belonging to ancient times. (

-लः) former or ancient times.

-कालिक, -कालीन a. ancient.

-काष्ठा the east, eastern quarter.

-कृत a. previously done. (

-तम्) an act done in a former life.

-कोटिः f. the starting point of a debate, the first statement or पूर्वपक्ष q. v.

-क्रिया preparation.

-गा N. of the river Godāvarī.

-गङ्गा N. of the river Narmadā; रेवेन्दुजा पूर्वगङ्गा नर्मदा मेकलीद्रिजा Abh. Chin.183.

-चोदित a.

1 aforesaid, above-men- tioned.

-2 previously stated or advanced (as an objec- tion.

-ज a.

1 born or produced before or formerly, first-produced, first-born; यमयोः पूर्वजः पार्थः Mb.3.141. 11.

-2 ancient, old.

-3 eastern.

(-जः) 1 an elder brother; अपहाय महीशमार्चिचत् सदसि त्वां ननु भामपूर्वजः; Śi. 16.44; R.15.36.

-2 the son of the elder wife.

-3 an ancestor, a forefather; स पूर्वजानां कपिलेन रोषात् R.16.34.

-4 (pl.) the progenitors of mankind.

-5 the manes living in the world of the moon. (

-जा) an elder sister.

-जन्मन् n. a former birth. (-m.) an elder brother; स लक्ष्मणं लक्ष्मणपूर्वजन्मा (विलोक्य) R.14.44.;15.95.

-जातिः f. a former birth.

-ज्ञानम् knowledge of a former life.

-तापनीयम् N. of the first half of नृसिंहतापनीयोपनिषद्.

-दक्षिण a. south-eastern. (

-णा) the south-east.

-दिक्पतिः Indra, the regent of the east.

-दिनम् the forenoon.

-दिश् f. the east.

-दिश्य a. situated towards the east, eastern.

-दिष्टम् the award of destiny.

-दृष्ट a.

1 primæval.

-2 declared by the ancients; यथा ब्राह्मण- चाण्डालः पूर्वदृष्टस्तथैव सः Ms.9.87.

-देवः 1 an ancient deity.

-2 a demon or Asura; भूमिदेवनरदेवसंगमे पूर्वदेवरिपुरर्हणां हरिः Śi.14.58.

-3 a progenitor (पितृ).

-4 (du.) an epithet of Nara-Nārāyaṇa; सव्यसाचिन् महाबाहो पूर्वदेव सनातन Mb.3. 41.35. (com. पूर्वदेव नरनारायणसख).

-देवता a progenitor (पितृ) of gods or of men; अक्रोधनाः शौचपराः सततं ब्रह्म- चारिणः । न्यस्तशस्त्रा महाभागाः पितरः पूर्वदेवताः ॥ Ms.3.192.

-देशः the eastern country, or the eastern part of India.

-द्वार a. favourable in the eastern region.

-निपातः the irregular priority of a word in a compound; cf. परनिपात.

-निमित्त an omen.

-निविष्ट a. made formerly, in past; यस्तु पूर्वनिविष्टस्य तडागस्योदकं हरेत् Ms.9.281.

-पक्षः 1 the fore-part or side.

-2 the first half of a lunar month; सर्वं पूर्वपक्षापरपक्षाभ्यामभिपन्नम् Bṛi. Up.3.1.5.

-3 the first part of an argument, the prima facie argument or view of a question; विषयो विशयश्चैव पूर्वपक्षस्तथोत्तरम्.

-4 the first objection to an argument.

-5 the statement of the plaintiff.

-6 a suit at law.

-7 an assertion, a proposi- tion. ˚पादः the plaint, the first stage of a legal proceeding.

-पदम् the first member of a compound or sentence.

-पर्वतः the eastern mountain behind which the sun is supposed to rise.

-पश्चात्, -पश्चिम ind. from the east to the west.

-पाञ्चालक a. belonging to the eastern Pañch- ālas.

-पाणिनीयाः m. (pl.) the disciples of Pāṇini living in the east.

-पालिन् m. an epithet of Indra.

-पितामहः a forefather, an ancestor; अब्रवीद् हि स मां क्रुद्धस्तव पूर्वपितामहः । मूत्रश्लेष्माशनः पाप निरयं प्रतिपत्स्यसे ॥ Mb.12.3.21.

-पीठिका introduction.

-पुरुषः 1 an epithet of Brahmā.

-2 anyone of the first three ancestors, beginning with the father (पितृ, पितामह, and प्रपितामह); Pt.1.89.

-3 an ancestor in general.

-पूर्व a. each preceding one. (

-र्वाः) m. (pl.) forefathers.

-प्रोष्ठपदा = पूर्वभाद्रपदा; Mb.13.89.13.

-फल्गुनी the eleventh lunar mansion containing two stars. ˚भवः an epithet of the planet Jupiter.

-बन्धुः first or best friend; Mk.

-भवः a former life.

-भागः 1 the forepart.

-2 the upper part.

-भा(भ)द्रपदा the twentyfifth lunar mansion containing two stars.

-भावः 1 priority.

-2 prior or antecedent existence; येन सहैव यस्य यं प्रति पूर्वभावो$वगम्यते Tarka K.

-3 (Rhet.) disclosing an intention.

-भाषिन् a. willing to speak first; hence polite, courteous.

-भुक्तिः f. prior occupation or possession; Ms.8.252.

-भूत a. preceding, previous.

-मध्याह्नः the forenoon.

-मारिन् a. dying before; एवंवृत्तां सवर्णां स्त्रीं द्विजातिः पूर्वमारिणीम् (दाहयेत्) Ms.5.167.

-मीमांसा 'the prior or first Mīmāṁsā', an inquiry into the first or ritual portion of the Veda, as opposed to the उत्तरमीमांसा or वेदान्त; see मीमांसा.

-मुख a. having the face turned towards the east.

-याम्य a. south-eastern.

-रङ्गः the commencement or prelude of a drama, the prologue; यन्नाठ्यवस्तुनः पूर्वं रङ्गविघ्नोपशान्तये । कुशीलवाः प्रकुर्वन्ति पूर्वरङ्गः स उच्यते ॥ D. R; पूर्वरङ्गं विधायैव सूत्रधारो निवर्तते S. D.283; पूर्वरङ्गः प्रसंगाय नाटकीयस्य वस्तुनः Śi.2.8. (see Malli. there- on).

-रागः the dawning or incipient love, love between two persons which springs (from some previous cause) before their meeting; श्रवणाद् दर्शनाद् वापि मिथः संरूढरागयोः । दशाविशेषोयो$प्राप्तौ पूर्वरागः स उच्यते ॥ S. D.214.

-रात्रः the first part of the night (from dusk to midnight).

-रूपम् 1 indication of an approaching change; an omen.

-2 a symptom of occuring disease.

-3 the first of two con- current vowels or consonants that is retained.

-4 (in Rhet.) a figure of speech which consists in describing anything as suddenly resuming its former state.

-लक्षणम् a symptom of coming sickness.

-वयस् a. young. (-n.) youth.

-वर्तिन् a. existing before, prior, previous.

-वाक्यम् (in dram.) an allusion to former utterance.

-वादः the first plea or commencement of an action at law; पूर्ववादं परित्यज्य यो$न्यमालम्बते पुनः । पदसंक्रमणाद् ज्ञेयो हीनवादी स वै नरः ॥ Mitā.

-वादिन् m. the complainant or plaintiff.

-विद् a. knowing the events of the past; historian; पृथोरपीमां पृथिवीं भार्यां पूर्वविदो विदुः Ms.9.44.

-विप्रतिषेधः the conflict of two statements contrary to each other.

-विहित a. deposited before.

-वृत्तम् 1 a former event; पूर्ववृत्तकथितैः पुराविदः सानुजः पितृ- सखस्य राघवः (अह्यमानः) R.11.1.

-2 previous conduct.

-वैरिन् a. one who first commences hostilities, an ag- gressor.

-शारद a. relating to the first half of autumn.

-शैलः see पूर्वपर्वत.

-सक्थम् the upper part of the thigh. P. V.4.98.

-संचित a. gathered before (as in former birth); त्यजेदाश्वयुजे मासि मुन्यन्नं पूर्वसंचितम् Ms.6.15.

-सन्ध्या daybreak, dawn; रजनिमचिरजाता पूर्वसंध्या सुतैव (अनुपतति) Si.11.4.

-सर a. going in front.

-सागरः the eastern ocean; स सेनां महतीं कर्षन् पूर्वसागरगामिनीम् R.4.32.

-साहसः the first of the three fines; स दाप्यः पूर्वसाहसम् Ms.9.281.

-स्थितिः f. former or first state.

pristino agg. (letter.) pristine, former; original // rimettere qlco. in pristino, to restore sthg. to its former state.

returned it to its former state, reinstated

returned to its former state

n. indication of something approaching, an omen AV. ;

sēdes, is ( gen. plur. sedum, Cic. Sest. 20, acc. to Prisc. p. 771 P.:

sedium, from form sedis,

Liv. 5, 42 Drak. N. cr.; Vell. 2, 109, 3), f. [sedeo, q. v.], a seat (freq. and class.).

Lit., that on which one sits, a bench, chair, throne, etc.

In gen.:

in iis sedibus, quae erant sub platano,

Cic. de Or. 1, 7, 29:

haec sedes honoris, sella curulis,

id. Cat. 4, 1, 2:

sedes honoris sui,

Liv. 9, 46, 9; cf.:

ceteros (senatores) in sedibus suis trucidatos,

id. 5, 41 fin.: in sedes collocat se regias, Liv. Andron. ap. Non. 127, 31; so,

regia,

Liv. 1, 47:

positis sedibus consederunt,

id. 42, 39 fin.:

bis sex caelestes, medio Jove, sedibus altis sedent,

Ov. M. 6, 72; cf.:

media inter deos sedes,

Plin. Pan. 52, 1:

in saxo frigida sedi, Quamque lapis sedes, tam lapis ipsa fui,

Ov. H. 10, 50.—In the plur. also of the seat of a single person:

tibi concedo meas sedes,

Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104 (cf. infra, II. b).— Poet.: non si priores Maeonius tenet Sedes Homerus, the foremost seat, the first rank (the fig. borrowed from the rows of seats in the theatre), Hor. C. 4, 9, 6.—

In partic., in the elder Pliny, the seat, fundament, Plin. 22, 21, 29, § 61; 22, 25, 70, § 143; 23, 3, 37, § 75; 23, 4, 41, § 83; 26, 8, 58, § 90; 32, 9, 33, § 104.—

Transf., in gen., of a place where one stays, a seat, dwelling-place, residence, habitation, abode, temple, etc. (the prevailing signif.; syn.: domicilium, locus, habitatio).

Sing. (used alike of the residence of one or more persons):

hi coetus (hominum) hac, de quā exposui, causā instituti sedem primum certo loco domiciliorum causā constituerunt, quam cum locis manuque sepsissent, ejusmodi conjunctionem tectorum oppidum vel urbem appellaverunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 26, 41:

sentio te sedem etiam nunc hominum ac domum contemplari (i. e. terram),

id. ib. 6, 19, 20; so,

hanc sedem et aeternam domum contueri,

id. ib. 6, 23, 25:

in hanc sedem et domum suam,

id. ib. 6, 25, 29; id. Par. 3, 2, 25; cf.:

eam sibi domum sedemque delegit, in quā, etc.,

id. Clu. 66, 188:

haec domus, haec sedes, haec sunt penetralia magni Amnis (sc. Penei),

Ov. M. 1, 574:

in omni sede ac loco ferrum flammamque metuemus,

Cic. Mur. 39, 85; so (with locus) id. Agr. 2, 17, 46:

nec veni, nisi fata locum sedemque dedissent,

Verg. A. 11, 112:

illum actum esse praecipitem in sceleratorum sedem atque regionem,

Cic. Clu. 61, 171:

in Italiā bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro,

Liv. 22, 39:

ea res Trojanis spem adfirmat tandem stabili certāque sede finiendi erroris,

id. 1, 1, 10:

crematā patriā domo profugos sedem quaerere,

id. 1, 1, 8; 10, 10, 10; 38, 16, 13; 39, 54, 5;

40, 38, 4: Orestis liberi sedem cepere circa Lesbum insulam,

Vell. 1, 3, 1:

ultra hos Chatti initium sedis ab Hercynio saltu incohant,

Tac. G. 30; id. A. 3, 73; 13, 54; Curt. 9, 4, 2; Plin. 2, 107, 111, § 246:

modo Graecis ultro bellum inferebamus: nunc in sedibus nostris propulsamus illatum,

Curt. 4, 14, 21:

non motam Termini sedem (just before: in Termini fano),

Liv. 1, 55; cf.:

quod Juppiter O. M. suam sedem atque arcem populi Romani in re trepidā tutatus esset,

id. 5, 50:

statim regis praetorium petunt, in ipsius potissimum sede morituri,

Just. 2, 11, 15:

(ulmus) nota quae sedes fuerat columbis,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 10 et saep.— Poet.:

sedes scelerata, for sceleratorum,

i. e. the infernal regions, Ov. M. 4, 456; cf.:

Tibur Sit meae sedes utinam senectae,

Hor. C. 2, 6, 6:

talia diversa nequicquam sede locuti,

place, spot, Ov. M. 4, 78.—

Plur. (in good prose usually only of the dwellings of several):

qui incolunt eas urbes non haerent in suis sedibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 7:

eorum domicilia, sedes, etc.,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 3; cf.:

ut (Galli) aliud domicilium, alias sedes petant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

sedes habere in Galliā,

id. ib. 1, 44:

reverti se in suas sedes regionesque simulaverunt,

id. ib. 4, 4:

quae gens ad hoc tempus iis sedibus se continet,

id. ib. 6, 24; cf. id. ib. 4, 4 fin.:

novas ipsi sedes ab se auctae multitudini addiderunt,

Liv. 2, 1:

qui profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur,

Sall. C. 6, 1; cf. id. J. 18, 2:

(deūm) sedes nostris sedibus esse Dissimiles debent,

Lucr. 5, 153; so,

divum, deum sedes,

id. 3, 18; 5, 146; 5, 1188; Hor. C. 3, 3, 34; cf.:

sedes sanctae penatium deorumque larumque familiarium,

Cic. Rep. 5, 5, 7:

deos ipsos convulsos ex sedibus suis,

Liv. 38, 43:

discretae piorum,

Hor. C. 2, 13, 23:

silentum,

Ov. M. 15, 772:

animalia ad assuetas sibi sedes revertuntur,

Quint. 11, 2, 6.—Of the dwelling of a single person (cf. supra, I. A.): cur (Juppiter) suas Discutit infesto praeclaras fulmine sedes, Lucr. 6, 418:

(Demaratus) in eā civitate domicilium et sedes collocavit,

Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34:

immissum esse ab eo C. Cornelium, qui me in sedibus meis trucidaret,

id. Sull. 6, 18; id. Div. in Caecil. 5, 19:

patrias age desere sedes, i. e. patriam,

Ov. M. 15, 22; cf.:

Aeneam in Siciliam quaerentem sedes delatum,

Liv. 1, 1, 4.—

Esp.

Of the abode of the dead, a burial-place:

ita Augustum in foro potius quam in Campo Martis sede destinatā cremari vellent,

Tac. A. 1, 10:

sedibus ut saltem placidis in morte quiescam,

Verg. A. 6, 371; 6, 152.—

Of the home of the soul, i. e. the body:

prior,

Ov. M. 15, 159:

anima de sede volens Exire,

id. ib. 11, 788. —

In relation to inanimate subjects, that upon which any thing sits fast or rests, a seat, place, spot, base, ground, foundation, bottom, etc.

Sing.:

hanc urbem (Romam) sedem aliquando et domum summo esse imperio praebituram,

Cic. Rep. 2, 5, 10; cf. id. Prov. Cons. 14, 34:

rupes caeduntur sedemque trabibus cavatae praebere coguntur,

Plin. 33, 4, 21, § 74; 2, 38, 38, § 102:

superbia in superciliis sedem habet,

id. 11, 37, 51, § 138:

num montes moliri sede suā paramus?

to push from their place, Liv. 9, 3:

Athon Pindumve revulsos Sede suā,

Ov. M. 11, 555:

patriam pulsam sede suā,

Liv. 27, 34; cf.:

voluptas mentem e suā sede et statu demovet,

Cic. Par. 1, 3, 15 (v. also in the foll. b): ita mihi salvam ac sospitem rempublicam sistere in suā sede liceat, Aug. ap. Suet. Aug. 28; cf.:

deus haec fortasse benigna Reducet in sedem vice,

to its former state, Hor. Epod. 13, 8: Veios an Fidenas sedem belli caperent, the seat or scene of war, Liv. 4, 31; so,

belli (bello),

id. 28, 44, 15; Vell. 2, 74, 3; Tac. H. 1, 65; 3, 32; 3, 8; 2, 19; Suet. Galb. 10 al.:

hilaritatis sedes,

Plin. 11, 37, 77, § 198:

neque verba sedem habere possunt, si rem subtraxeris,

Cic. de Or. 3, 5, 19:

affectus quibusdam videntur in prooemio atque in epilogo sedem habere,

Quint. 6, 1, 51 (cf. in the foll. b):

haec est sedes orationis, etc.,

id. 9, 4, 62:

non ut de sede secundā Cederet aut quartā (iambus),

Hor. A. P. 257:

ut sola ponatur in summi boni sede (voluptas),

Cic. Fin. 2, 12, 37:

nec mens mihi nec color Certā sede manent,

Hor. C. 1, 13, 6.—Of the site on which a city formerly stood:

vetustissima sedes Assyriae,

Tac. A. 12, 13; cf.:

in eā sede, quam Palaetyron ipsi vocant,

Curt. 4, 2, 4.—

Plur.:

coloni Capuae in sedibus luxuriosis collocati,

Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 97:

nonnumquam fracta ossa in suis sedibus remanent, etc.... fragmenta in suas sedes reponenda sunt,

Cels. 8, 10:

rursus in antiquas redeunt primordia sedes Ignis,

Lucr. 6, 871; 4, 1041:

dum solidis etiamnum sedibus astas,

on firm ground, Ov. M. 2, 147:

cum mihi ipsa Roma prope convulsa sedibus suis visa est,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52:

turrim convellimus altis Sedibus,

Verg. A. 2, 465:

totamque a sedibus urbem Eruit,

id. ib. 2, 611:

monstrabantur urbium sedes, Lyrnessi et Thebes,

Curt. 3, 4, 10:

haec tot gentium excita sedibus suis moles,

id. 3, 2, 12; cf.:

totum (mare) a sedibus imis Eurusque Notusque ruunt,

Verg. A. 1, 84; Quint. 8, 6, 63; so,

argumentorum,

id. 5, 10, 20 (corresp. to loci); 5, 12, 17.

प्राच् प्राञ्च् a. (

-ची f.)

1 Turned towards the front, in front, foremost.

-3 Eastern, easterly.

-3 Prior, previous, former. -m. (pl.) The people of the east.

-2 Eastern grammarians.

-Comp. -अग्र a. (

प्रागग्र) having the point turned towards the east.

-अनुरागः (प्रागनुरागः) former affection.

-अभावः (प्रागभावः) 1 antecedent non-existence, non-existence of a thing previous to its production, as of an effect previous to its production; प्रागभावस्तथा ध्वंसो$प्यत्यन्ताभाव एव च । एवं त्रैविध्यमापन्नः संसर्गाभाव इष्यते ॥ Bhāṣā. P.

-2 (in law) non-possession of property (that may be possessed).

-अभिहित (प्रागभिहित) a. mentioned before.

-अवस्था (प्रागवस्था) the former state; न तर्हि प्रागवस्थायाः परिहीयसे Māl.4. 'you are none the worse for it'.

-आयत (प्रागायत) a. extending towards the east.

-उक्तिः f. (

प्रागुक्तिः) previous utterance.

-उत्तर (प्रागुत्तर) a. north-eastern.

-उत्पत्तिः (प्रागुत्पत्तिः) first appearance (of a disease).

-उदञ्च् a. (

प्रागुदञ्च्) north-eastern.

-उदीची (प्रागुदीची) f. the north-east.

-कर्मन् (प्राक्- कर्मन्) n.

1 an action done in a former life.

-2 a preliminary medical treatment.

-3 a preliminary action in general.

-कालः (प्राक्कालः) a former age.

-कालीन (प्राक्कालीन) a. belonging to the former times, old, ancient.

-कूल (प्राक्कूल) a. having the points turned towards the east (said of Kuśa grass); प्राक्कूलान् पर्युपासीनः पवित्रैश्चैव पावितः Ms.2.75. (

-लम्) the point of a blade of such Kuśa grass.

-कृतम् (प्राक्कृतम्) an act done in a former life.

-केवल a. (

प्राक्केवल) manifested from the first in a distinct form.

-गामिन् a.

(प्राग्- गामिन्) 1 going before, preceding.

-2 a precursor, forerunner.

-3 going eastward.

-चरणा a. (

प्राक्चरणा) the female organ of generation.

-चिरम् (प्राक्चिरम्) ind. in due or good time, before too late.

-जन्मन् (प्राग्जन्मन्) n.,

-जातिः (प्राग्जातिः) f. a former birth.

-ज्योतिषः (प्राग्ज्योतिषः) 1 N. of country, also called Kāmarūpa.

-2 (pl.) the people of this country (

-षम्) N. of a city. ˚ज्येष्ठः an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-दक्षिण a. (

प्राग्दक्षिण) south-eastern.

-देशः (प्राग्देशः) the east- ern country.

-द्वार, -द्वारिक a. (

प्राग्द्वार &c.) having doors facing the east.

-न्यायः (प्राङ्न्यायः) the plea of a former trial, res judicata; आचारेणावसन्नो$पि पुनर्लेखय- ते यदि । सो$भिधेयो जितः पूर्वं प्राङ्न्यायस्तु स उच्यते ॥

-पदम् (प्राक्पदम्) the first member of a compound.

-प्रहारः (प्राक्प्रहारः) the first blow.

-फलः (प्राक्फलः) the bread-fruit tree.

-फ(फा)ल्गुनी (प्राक्फल्गुनी) the eleventh lunar mansion, (पूर्वा). ˚भवः

1 the planet Jupiter.

-2 N. of Bṛihaspati.

-फाल्गुनः, -फाल्गुनेयः (

प्राक्फाल्गुनः &c.) the planet Jupiter.

-भक्तम् (प्राग्- भक्तम्) taking medicine before meals.

-भवः (प्राग्भवः) a previous life.

-भागः (प्राग्भागः) 1 the front.

-2 the fore-part.

-भारः (प्राग्भारः) 1 the top summit of a mountain; प्राग्भारेषु शिखण्डिताण्डवविधौ मेघैर्वितानाय्यते Māl.9. 15.

-2 the front part, fore-part or end (of anything); क्रन्दत्फेरवचण्डडात्कृतिभृतप्राग्भारभीमैस्तटैः Māl.5.19.

-3 a large quantity, heap, multitude, flood; तिमिरप्राग्भार- मुच्चाटयन्......विजयते ज्ञानप्रदीपो हरः Bh.3.129; Māl.5.29.

-भावः (प्राग्भावः) 1 previous existence.

-2 excellence, superiority.

-मुख (प्राङ्मुख) a.

1 turned towards or facing the east; तां प्राङ्मुखीं तत्र निवेश्य तन्वीम् Ku.7.13; Ms.2.51;8.87.

-2 inclined towards, wishing, desirous of.

-रूपम् (प्राग्रूपम्) Previous symptom (of disease).

-लग्नम् (प्राग्लग्नम्) horoscope.

-वंशः (प्राग्वंशः) 1 a kind of sacrificial room having its columns turned towards the east; श्लाघ्यस्त्यागो$पि वैदेह्याः पत्युः प्राग्वंशवासिनः R.15.61. (प्राचीनस्थूणो यज्ञशालाविशेषः Malli.; but some interpret the word to mean 'a room in which the friends and family of the sacrificer assemble'); केचिद् बभञ्जुः प्राग्वंशं पत्नीशालां तथा$परे Bhāg.4.5.14.

-2 a former dynasty or generation.

-वचनम् (प्राग्वचनम्) anything formerly decided; statement by the ancient authorities; प्रागिदं वचनं पोक्तम् अतः प्रग्वचनं विदुः Mb.

-वृत्तम् = प्राङ्न्यायः q. v.

-वृत्तान्तः (प्राग्वृत्तान्तः) a former event.

-शिरस्, -स, -शिरस्क (

प्राक्शिरस् &c.) a. having the head turned towards the east.

-संध्या (प्राक्संध्या) the morning twilight.

-सवनम् (प्राक्सवनम्) a morning libation or sacrifice.

-स्रोतस् (प्राक्स्रोतस्) a. flowing eastward. (-f.) a river.

rē-stĭtŭo, ŭi, ūtum, 3, v. a. [statuo], to put or set up again, i. e. either to replace in its former position, or (more freq.) to restore to its former condition, to rebuild, revive, etc. (freq. and class.; syn.: restauro, renovo, reficio).

In gen.

Lit.:

senatus decrevit, ut Minerva nostra, quam turbo dejecerat, restitueretur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 25, a, 1:

arborem,

Verg. G. 2, 272:

luxatum femur ex toto,

Cels. 8, 20: aedes (with reficere), Cic. Top. 3, 15:

domum a Clodio disjectam,

i. e. to rebuild, Vell. 2, 45, 3; cf.

domum,

Suet. Ner. 31:

theatrum,

id. Claud. 21:

statuas (disjectas),

id. Calig. 34:

tropaea disjecta,

id. Caes. 11:

fores effractas,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 40:

oppida vicosque, quos incenderant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28:

fontes et Flumina,

Ov. M. 2, 407:

turbatas comas,

id. F. 3, 16:

ordines,

Sall. J. 51, 3; cf.

aciem,

Liv. 5, 18; 29, 2 al.:

inclinatam aciem,

Suet. Caes. 62:

(eos, qui) quaedam contra naturam depravata habent, restituere et corrigere,

Cic. Div. 2, 46, 96:

oculos (luminibus orbati),

Suet. Vesp. 7:

visum,

Plin. 25, 8, 50, § 89:

pilos,

id. 32, 10, 40, § 119:

se (apes, with reviviscere),

Varr. R. R. 3, 16 fin.; cf.:

aliquem a limine mortis,

Cat. 68, 4; Verg. Cul. 223;

and restinctos,

to raise the dead, Ov. P. 3, 6, 35:

apes restituunt se ac reviviscunt,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 38.—

Trop., to restore, revive, renew, reform, etc.: unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 24, 84; Cic. Att. 2, 19, 2; Liv. 30, 26; Verg. A. 6, 846 Serv.; Macr. S. 6, 1; Ov. F. 2, 242; Aug. ap. Suet. Tib. 21 al. (Ann. v. 313 Vahl.); cf.:

rem prolapsam,

Liv. 2, 63:

res perditas,

id. 25, 37; 6, 22:

rem impeditam et perditam,

Ter. And. 3, 5, 13;

and simply rem,

Liv. 3, 12 Drak.; 8, 11;

25, 37: veteres clientelas,

Caes. B. G. 6, 12:

veterem tuam illam calliditatem atque prudentiam,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 61:

tribuniciam potestatem,

id. Agr. 2, 14, 36:

tribuniciam intercessionem armis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 7: proelium, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 23, 52; Caes. B. G. 7, 87; 1, 53; Liv. 6, 8; cf.:

pugnam omnibus locis,

id. 4, 38 fin.; 2, 19:

damna Romano accepta bello,

id. 31, 43:

sanitatem,

Just. 6, 4, 13:

bellum,

id. 35, 1, 10; Plin. 20, 6, 23, § 56; cf.

vires,

Val. Fl. 2, 70:

adulescentem corruptum,

to reform, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 81:

suorum a pudore maritimae ignominiae restituti animi,

restored, revived, Liv. 35, 27:

consolando aliquorum restituere voluntatem aut benevolentiam in dominum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 7.—

In partic., to give back, deliver up, return, restore a thing belonging to a person or place (syn. reddo).

Lit.: Mi. Paterna oportet reddi filio bona. Ha. Restituentur omnia, Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 122:

tribuni vobis amissa reddent ac restituent?

Liv. 3, 68.—

With a personal object: virginem suis Restituere ac reddere,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 67; 4, 6, 8:

alicui filium,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 83; id. And. 3, 3, 38; id. Hec. 5, 3, 20:

amissa cuique,

Caes. B. C. 1, 87:

bona iis,

id. ib. 2, 21:

majorum locum huic,

id. B. G. 5, 25:

agrum Veientibus,

Liv. 2, 13 et saep.:

alicui suum familiarem et hospitem, ereptum e manibus hostium,

Caes. B. G. 1, 53:

Sextus Pompeius civitati restitutus,

Cic. Phil. 5, 15, 41:

captum victori,

Liv. 9, 11:

apibus fructum suum,

Phaedr. 3, 13, 15:

Caesaris imperio restituendus erat,

Ov. P. 4, 13, 38:

illum restituam huic, hic autem in Alidem me meo patri,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 56:

aliquem natalibus,

to set free, Dig. 40, tit. 11;

v. natalis.— With abstr. object: sed etiam meam vocem et auctoritatem et vobis et rei publicae conservatam ac restitutam puto,

Cic. Marcell. 1, 2:

lucem salutemque redditam sibi ac restitutam,

id. Dom. 28, 75.—Without dat.:

amissa (opp. adimere),

Caes. B. C. 1, 7:

fraudata,

id. ib. 3, 60 fin. al.:

Arpi restituti ad Romanos,

Liv. 24, 47; cf.:

(Cloelia) sospites omnes Romam ad propinquos restituit,

id. 2, 13; 49:

aliquem in aliquem locum,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 58; cf. Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 108:

(Siciliam) in antiquum statum,

Cic. Verr. 1, 4, 12; cf.:

civitates afflictas in melius,

Suet. Vesp. 17. —

Publicists' and jurid. t. t., to bring back or restore to his previous state or condition; to recall, reinstate a person condemned, banished, deprived of his property, etc. (cf. reduco):

restituebat multos calamitosos... Licinium Denticulam de aleā condemnatum restituit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 23, 56:

omnes, qui lege Pompeiā condemnati essent,

id. Att. 10, 4, 8:

quae fuisset justa causa restituendi mei, nisi fuisset injusta eiciendi?

id. Mil. 14, 36; cf. id. ib. 15, 39:

aliquem (damnatum),

Suet. Caes. 41; id. Calig. 15:

exsulem,

id. Claud. 12:

legionem totam cum ignominiā missam,

id. Caes. 69:

neque enim praetor, si ex eo fundo essem dejectus, ita me restitui jussit,

Cic. Caecin. 29, 82; cf. id. ib. 8, 23: nonnullos ambitus Pompeiā lege damnatos in integrum restituit, Caes. B. C. 3, 1:

aliquem in integrum,

Cic. Clu. 36, 98; Dig. 4, 1, 4; 4, 15 (cf. the whole section, ib. 4, 1: De in integrum restitutionibus); cf.:

Sampsiceramum restitui in eum locum cupere, ex quo decidit,

Cic. Att. 2, 23, 2:

equites Romanos in tribunicium honorem,

Caes. B. C. 1, 77 fin.:

tribunos plebis in suam dignitatem,

id. ib. 1, 22:

restitutus in patriam (Camillus) patriam ipsam restituit,

Liv. 7, 1 fin.; so,

in patriam,

Suet. Ner. 3.—

Transf.

Of things, to deliver up again, to make restitution of, restore:

in utriusque bonis nihil erat, quod restitui posset, nisi quod moveri loco non poterat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 62; Dig. 43, 8, 2, § 34; 43, 12, 1, § 19 al.—

Of a previous judicial sentence or of injustice committed, to reverse, i. e. to make null and void, to make good again, repair (cf.:

rescindo, resolvo): alia judicia Lilybaei, alia Agrigenti, alia Panhormi restituta sunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 26, § 63:

qui (praetor) dies totos aut vim fieri vetat aut restitui factam jubet, etc.,

id. Caecin. 13, 36:

ut si ego eum condemnaro, tu restituas,

id. Fam. 9, 10, 2; cf.:

restitui in integrum aequom est,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 11.—

To compensate for, make good (rare):

damnum,

Liv. 31, 43, 4; Vulg. Exod. 22, 12:

jacturam,

Col. 11, 1, 28. —

Trop., to restore to a former condition, to re-establish, etc.:

ut anno XVI. post reges exactos secederent, leges sacratas ipsi sibi restituerent,

restored for themselves, re-established, Cic. Corn. 1, Fragm. 23, p. 450 fin. Orell.:

restituit his animos parva una res,

Liv. 25, 18; cf. id. 21, 53:

ut interfecto Punico praesidio restituerent se Romanis,

join themselves again to the Romans, id. 23, 7:

ulcera sanitati restituens,

restoring, Plin. 20, 6, 23, § 51; cf. id. 14, 18, 22, § 118:

Bacchus peccasse fatentem Restituit,

restored to his former condition, Ov. M. 11, 135; cf.:

cum semel occideris... Non, Torquate, genus, non te facundia, non te Restituet pietas,

Hor. C. 4, 7, 24:

restituam jam ego te in gaudia,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 44:

haud facile te in eundem rursus restitues locum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 9, 23; Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 108; cf.:

cives ex servitute in libertatem,

Liv. 28, 39:

poëtam in locum, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 13: aliquem rursus in gratiam,

id. ib. 3, 1, 11; cf.:

fratrem in antiquum locum gratiae et honoris,

Caes. B. G. 1, 18:

fratrem (sc. in gratiam),

Curt. 8, 6, 26:

Acarnanas in antiquam formulam jurisque ac dicionis eorum,

Liv. 26, 24:

vos in amicitiam societatemque nostram,

id. 31, 31 fin. et saep.:

cum praecipitata raptim consilia neque revocari neque in integrum restitui possint,

id. 31, 32:

patientiae veteri (Britanniam),

Tac. Agr. 16.

(PSD)

   One of the two major political parties in democratic Portugal. It was established originally as the Popular Democratic Party / Partido Popular Democrático (PPD) in May 1974, following the Revolution of 25 April 1974 that overthrew the Estado Novo. The PPD had its roots in the "liberal wing" of the União Nacional, the single, legal party or movement allowed under the Estado Novo during the last phase of that regime, under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano. A number of future PPD leaders, such as Francisco Sá Carneiro and Francisco Balsemão, hoped to reform the Estado Novo from within, but soon became discouraged. After the 1974 Revolution, the PPD participated in two general elections (April 1975 and April 1976), which were crucial for the establishment and consolidation of democracy, and the party won sufficient votes to become the second largest political party after the Socialist Party (PS) in the number of seats held in the legislature, the Assembly of the Republic. The PPD voting results in those two elections were 26.4 percent and 24.4 percent, respectively.

   After the 1976 elections, the party changed its name from Partido Popular Democrático to Partido Social Democrático (PSD). As political opinion swung from the left to the center and center-right, and with the leadership of Francisco Sá Carneiro, the PSD gained greater popularity and strength, and from 1979 on, the party played an important role in government. After Sá Carneiro died in the air crash of December 1980, he was replaced as party chief and then prime minister by Francisco Balsemão, and then by Aníbal Cavaco Silva. As successors, these two leaders guided the PSD to a number of electoral victories, especially beginning in 1985. After 1987, the PSD held a majority of seats in parliament, a situation that lasted until 1995, when the Socialist Party (PS) won the election.

   The PSD's principal political program has featured the de-Marxi-fication of the 1976 Constitution and the economic system, a free-market economy with privatization of many state enterprises, and close ties with the European Economic Community (EEC) and subsequently the European Union (EU). After the PSD lost several general elections in 1995 and 1999, and following the withdrawal from office of former prime minister Cavaco Silva, a leadership succession crisis occurred in the party. The party leadership shifted from Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa to Manuel Durão Barroso, and, in 2004, Pedro Santana Lopes.

   During 2000 and 2001, as Portugal's economic situation worsened, the PS's popularity waned. In the December 2001 municipal elections, the PSD decisively defeated the PS and, as a result, Prime Minister António Guterres resigned. Parliamentary elections in March 2002 resulted in a Social Democratic victory, although its margin of victory over the PS was small (40 percent to 38 percent). Upon becoming premier in the spring of 2002, then, PSD leader Durão Barroso, in order to hold a slim majority of seats in the Assembly of the Republic, was obliged to govern in a coalition with the Popular Party (PP), formerly known as the Christian Democratic Party (CDS). Although the PSD had ousted the PS from office, the party confronted formidable economic and social problems. When Durão Barroso resigned to become president of the EU Commission, Pedro Santana Lopes became the PSD's leader, as prime minister in July 2004. Under Santana Lopes's leadership, the PSD lost the parliamentary elections of 2005 to the PS. Since then, the PSD has sought to regain its dominant position with the Portuguese electorate. It made some progress in doing so when its former leader, Cavaco Silva, was elected president of the Republic of 2006.

    See also Political parties.